Most of the photos in this section of the blog were were taken at the No Mans Land Historical Museum in 1981. The artifacts are part of the Baker collection.
Contents
Photo One
Edge frame sandal fragment
Recovered sandals table
Foot Measurement size chart(modern)
Photo two
Shell beads (necklace)
Necklace construction
Shell identification
Photo three
Plain woven basket or sandal fragment
Grass bundle with Cucurbita seeds
Cucurbita seeds
Photos
Mass comparison charts
Analysis (unfinished)
Why use mass instead of weight?
Hide bundle with Cucurbita seeds
Sandal and basketry terminology
Photo One
Photo one
Sandal Fragment
Photograph one taken at No Man’s Land museum contains various artifacts from a cave in the Kenton area. Of particular interest is the lower left sandal fragment. The type of sandal is identical to Sandal Nine, fig 18: Edge Frame Sandal (W.M. A24) which is 25 cm in length and 11 cm wide. These dimensions are comparable to an adult male or possible adult female foot dimensions (modern size 10 male).
The remaining dimensions of the No Man Land Museum specimen is (width maximum) 6.5 cm (intact) by (length maximum) 9 cm (not intact). Reconstructed length would be around 14.8 cm (modern size 5.5 male).
The reconstructed length estimate is based on the length/width ratio of sandal nine. The No Mans Land specimen is smaller (59%) than sandal nine and appears to be the size of a sandal worn by a smaller individual.
The edge frame and weave is clearly visible in this specimen and is as described in Sandal 9, Figure 18.
Recovered sandals
The measurements listed below are for reference only and do not reflect a cross section of foot sizes in the United States.
Misc. Foot Measurements and sizes In Centimeters
Photo Two
Bead Display at No Mans Land Historical Museum (1981)
Shell Beads - Dwarf Olive (Olivella mutica) -- 16 shells
Dwarf Olive Shell
(Photo by Scott D. Taylor)
Photo Two Notes:
Shell Beads:
Necklace Construction:
A length of 2 ply cordage was threaded through the opening made at the apex and out through the aperture to continue the necklace where it was knotted at the end. With the remaining recovered shell beads the necklace, assuming there was only one the necklace, would have been at least 20.32 cm (8 inches) long.
These beads were found associated with a burial. There are no dates for the burial. For more information on the burial see Kenton Caves Re-examined (G. Zabawa) and The Kenton Caves of Western Oklahoma (Lintz/Zabawa).
Shell Identification
Olivella mutica are marine gastropods and a member of the carnivorous family Olividae. The Dwarf Olive is found in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Other common Olive shells include Lettered olive, Oliva sayana and Brown olive, Oliva reticularis bifasciata. Their shells are popular among shell collectors and are in modern times often made into jewelry.
808 miles to Corpus Christi from Kenton, Oklahoma (by car ) 14hr and 40 minutes)
800 miles to Corpus Christi from Kenton, Oklahoma (walking-non-stop) 10 days 19 hours. Double the time to 22 days at least, realistically
Photo Three
Photo three
Plain woven fragment
Grass bundle
Hide bundle
Plain woven basket or sandal
The dimensions of the plain weave item - width (maximum) 8 cm x length (maximum) 14 cm. Without closer examination the original use of this plain weave fragment cannot be determined with certainty. It could be the remains of a small basket or sandal.
Some intact rim or edge remains but the construction details cannot be determined from the photo. Two ends are partially intact and could be the remains of a basket rim or toe and heel end of a sandal. If sandal fragment, no attachments structures remain. 
Grass bundle with remaining cordage and Cucurbita seeds (4045)
Several grass bundles were found with contents. This grass bundle contains Cucurbita (squash/pumpkin)seeds. Similar grass bundles Du 401 and DU 402 (fig 3 - knotted structure, grass bundle) contains shelled corn. 
Cucurbita seeds from bundle
Grass Bundle seeds and modern Cucurbita seeds (squash/pumpkin)
Chart One (mass comparison chart)
Chart Two (mass comparison chart)
Chart Two produced by Patrick Zabawa, Univrsity Of Rochester Physics Department
Mass Notes
Six seeds were obtained from the No Mans Land Historical Museum. These are from the grass bundle (item #4045 )
Seven modern varieties of Cucurbita seeds were purchased locally. Six seeds representing the range of sizes of each variety in the packages were selected and weighed on a digital scale. The Kenton cave seeds were weighed and all weights entered into a spreadsheet.
Allthough the sample size is small and some varities of Cucurbita seeds could not be included in the sample there is a similarity between the Kenton Cave seeds and the modern sample "small sugar pumpkin" mass.
Average mass - small sugar pumpkin o.26
Average mass - Kenton Cave Cucurbita Seeds 0.25
Modern Seeds (mass in milligrams)
Ornamental gourd .077 .039 .094 .062 .092 .085
Yellow Squash .095 .084 .075 .115 .085 .102
Table Queen (acorn) .063 .062 .110 .083 .104 .098
Butternut .118 .072 .102 .060 .129 .117
Zucchini .092 .094 .139 .152 .068 .092
Pumpkin Jack O lantern .159 .226 .173 .092 .159 .198
Pumpkin Sugar .157 .085 .097 .178 .141 .095
Kenton Seeds (mass in milligrams)
Reading one two
Seed one .150 .152
Seed two .162 .162
Seed three .115 .113
Seed four .137 .137
Seed five .079 .080
Seed six .103 .103
Why use mass instead of weight?
"In everyday usage, mass is commonly confused with weight. But, in physics and engineering, weight means the strength of the gravitational pull on the object; that is, how heavy it is, measured in units of newtons. In everyday situations, the weight of an object is proportional to its mass, which usually makes it unproblematic to use the same word for both concepts. However, the distinction between mass and weight becomes important for measurements with a precision better than a few percent (due to slight differences in the strength of the Earth's gravitational field at different places), and for places far from the surface of the Earth, such as in space or on other planets."
From Wikepedia 2009
Unidentified Hide bundle (4044)
A number of skin/hide items were recovered including this hide item with hair which contains Cucurbita seeds. Other hide items were recovered such as a sandal (Figure 20 OHS 5119) as well skin/hide bags (OHS#) Prairie Dog containing Cucurbitaceae (gourd or squash) seeds and DU 400 containing shelled corn.
Sandal and Basketry terminology
Sandal types: attributes and terminology. (Note: March 2009)
The following is a explanation of the types of sandals and terms used to describe the Kenton Cave sandals.
Sandal types
The sandals described below are divided into four main types based on the construction technique and type of weave attributes. These are plain weave, twilled weave, twined and edge frame sandals. The first three types are based on standard weave patterns found in basketry and weaving.
The fourth type of sandal, the edge frame sandal, is not considered a plain weave sandal in this paper. This type of construction does not form the weave pattern typical of a woven mat or basket.
The only types of sandals reported and seen in the collections are plain weave and edge frame.
Sandal subtypes
Other attributes noted on the sandals and included as sub types of plain weave sandals are plain weave diagonally woven sandals and plain weave vertically woven sandals. These subtypes are based on the direction of the of the main construction elements in relationship to the toe or heel end of the sandal.
Plain weave vertically woven sandals (Figures 9, 11, 12, 13, 14)
The plain weave vertically woven sandals are constructed with the elements running parallel to the toe or heel end of the sandal. The vertical and horizontal elements are perpendicular.
Plain weave diagonally woven sandals. (figures 16 and 17)
In plain weave diagonally woven sandals, the elements of the sandal run diagonally from the heel or the toe across the sandal. The vertical and horizontal elements are perpendicular.
This technique gives the sandal a “fish tail” effect and in the literature are sometimes called fish tail sandals. The “fish tail” occurs because of the convergence, due to the diagonal weave, of the elements at the heel end of the sandal. The heel end elements also become shredded during wear which adds to the “fishtail” effect. Other types of sandals can have this fishtail effect such as the edge frame sandals.
Edge frame sandals (figures 18, 19)
Edge frame sandals are constructed by folding the horizontal elements over a element which runs vertically along the outside of the sandal. This forms the edge of the sandal and gives this type of sandal its cohesiveness.
Frame of Reference
Left lateral and right lateral edge.
The use of these terms are arbitrary and used to describe the position of elements and structures on the sandal in relationship to the edge of the sandals. The toe, is used a the reference point if identifiable. For example with the toe pointing north the left lateral edge is the left side of the sandal as you are looking at it. If the toe or heel is not identifiable then it is simply the left edge of the sandal as you are looking at it in the illustration with the top of the page pointed north or up. In most cases the sandals are arranged with the toe facing left or east so that the photo and illustration will fit on a single page. In this case the left lateral will be at the bottom of the screen or page.
Vertical is used to describe elements which run parallel to the edge of the sandal from the toe to the heel of the sandal if heel or toe is identifiable.
Horizontal is used to describe the elements which run across the width of the sandal perpendicular to the vertical elements.
Diagonal is used to describe the elements of the sandal which run diagonally from the heel or the toe across the sandal.
Other attributes
Double layered sandals
Single layered sandals
The terms weft and warp are terms used to describe fabrics or cloth woven on a loom. The terms are also used to describe basketry.
Definitions
Rim:Outer edge of something circular: an outer edge, often slightly raised, that runs along the outside of something curved or circular.
Weft or woof is the yarn which is drawn under and over parallel warp yarns to create a fabric. (Wikipedia 2009)
Warp: Elements that run lengthwise.
Weft: Elements that run horizontally. This element usually forms the selvage edge of the cloth.
Selvage: In a woven fabric, the selvage is the uncut edge of the fabric which is on the right- and left-hand edges as it comes out of the loom. As such it is 'finished' and will not fray because the weft threads double back on themselves. (Wikipedia 2009)
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